1. Pain – Chronic, Neuropathic/Multiple Sclerosis
   

2. Studies & Case Studies
   

3. Controlled Studies
   

4. Dronabinol
   

5. •      Brenneisen R, Egli A, Elsohly MA, Henn V, Spiess Y. The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1996;34:446-452.
   

6. •     Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A. Delta-9-THC shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double blind trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1990;240:1-4.
   

7. •     Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17:18-26.
   

8. •     Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004;112(3):299-306.
   

9. •     Svendsen KB, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. BMJ 2004;329(7460):253.
   

10. Nabilone
    

11. •     Wissel J, Haydn T, Müller J, Brenneis C, Berger T, Poewe W, Schelosky LD. Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces  spasticity-related pain : a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J Neurol 2006;253(10):1337-41.
    

12. •      Frank B, Serpell MG, Hughes J, Matthews JN, Kapur D. Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind  study. BMJ 2008;336(7637):199-201.
    

13. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

14. •      Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17:18-26.
    

15. •      Berman J, Lee J, Cooper M, Cannon A, Sach J, McKerral S, Taggart M, Symonds C, Fishel K, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis-based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia, 2003;58:938.
    

16. •      Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005;65(6):812-9.
    

17. •      Ernst G, Denke C, Reif M, Schnelle M, Hagmeister H. Standardized cannabis extract in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. IACM 3rd Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, 9-10 September 2005, Leiden, International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.
    

18. •     Nurmikko TJ, Serpell MG, Hoggart B, Toomey PJ, Morlion BJ, Haines D. Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 2007;133(1-3):210-20.
    

19. Cannabis (smoked)
    

20. •     Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H, Press S, Kelly ME, Rowbotham MC, Petersen KL. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2007;68(7):515-21.
    

21. •     Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, Millman J, Bentley H, Gouaux B, Fishman S. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain. J Pain 2008;9(6):506-21.
    

22. Cannabidiol
    

23. •       Lindstrom P, Lindblom U, Boreus L. Lack of effect of cannabidiol in sustained neuropathia. Paper presented at '87 International Conference on Cannabis, Melbourne, September 2-4, 1987. Cited from: Consroe P, Sandyk R. Potential role of cannabinoids for therapy of neurological disorders. In: Murphy L, Bartke A, eds. Marijuana/Cannabinoids. Neurobiology and Neurophysiology. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1992:459-524.
    

24. CT-3 (Ajulemic Acid)
    

25. •      Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(13):1757-62.
    

26.  
    

27. Uncontrolled Studies
    

28. Dronabinol
    

29. •      Clermont-Gnamien S, Atlani S, Attal N, Le Mercier F, Guirimand F, Brasseur L. [The therapeutic use of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) in refractory neuropathic pain] [Article in French] Presse Med 2002;31(39 Pt 1):1840-5.
    

30. •       Finnegan-Ling D, Musty RE. Marinol and phantom limb pain; a case study. In: 1994 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington, Vermont: International Cannabinoid Research Society, p. 53.
    

31. •      Attal N, Brasseur L, Guirimand D, Clermond-Gnamien S, Atlami S, Bouhassira D. Are oral cannabinoids safe and effective in refractory neuropathic pain? Eur J Pain 2004;8:173–177.
    

32.  
    

33. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

34. •     Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Young CA. Oromucosal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial. Clin Ther 2007;29(9):2068-79.
    

35.  
    

36. Case Reports, Surveys
    

37. Cannabis (smoked)
    

38. •      Dunn M, Davis R. The perceived effects of marijuana on spinal cord injured males. Paraplegia 1974;12:175.
    

39. •      Consroe P, Musty R, Rein J, Tillery W, Pertwee R. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. European Neurology 1997;38:44-48.
    

40. •      Petro DJ. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity. Psychosomatics 1980;21:81-85.
    

41. •      Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM, Levy JC. Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2003;30(3):201-5.
    

42. •     Prentiss D, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM. Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;35(1):38-45.
    

43. •     Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J, Dougherty A, Holdcroft A. Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29(4):358-67.
    

44. •      Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, Winstock A, Silber E. Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12(5):646-51.
    

45.  
    

46. Pain – Chronic, Cancer
    

47. Controlled Studies
    

48. Dronabinol
    

49. •      Noyes R, Brunk SF, Baram DA, Canter A. Analgesic effects of delta-9-THC. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1975;15:139-143.
    

50. •     Noyes R, Brunk ST, Avery DH, Canter A. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1975;18:84-89.
    

51. •      Johnson JR, Potts R. Cannabis-based medicines in the treatment of cancer pain: a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo controlled, comparative study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Sativex and Tetranabinex in patients with cancer-related pain. British Pain Society; 2005 March 8-11; Edinburgh, Scotland.
    

52. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

53. •     Johnson JR, Potts R. Cannabis-based medicines in the treatment of cancer pain: a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo controlled, comparative study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Sativex and Tetranabinex in patients with cancer-related pain. British Pain Society; 2005 March 8-11; Edinburgh, Scotland.
    

54.  
    

55. Benzopyranoperidine
    

56. •      Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes Jr R. Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1978;24:223-7.
    

57. NIB
    

58. •      Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D. Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1978;23:397-401.
    

59.  
    

60. Uncontrolled Studies
    

61. Dronabinol
    

62. •      Butler JR  Peek LA  Regelson W  Moore MM  Lubin LA. Treatment effects of delta-9-THC in an advanced cancer population. In: Cohen S, Stillman RC, eds. The therapeutic potential of marihuana. Plenum Medical Book, New York 1976.
    

63. Nabilone
    

64. •      Maida V. The synthetic cannabinoid nabilone improves pain and symptom management in cancer patients. Abstract of San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 15 December 2006.
    

65. •     Maida V, Ennis M, Irani S, Corbo M, Dolzhykov M. Adjunctive nabilone in cancer pain and symptom management: a prospective observational study using propensity scoring. J Support Oncol 2008;6(3):119-24.
    

66.  
    

67. Pain – Rheumatic
    

68. Controlled Studies
    

69. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

70. •      Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45(1):50-2.
    

71.  
    

72. Pain - Fibromyalgia
    

73. Controlled Studies
    

74. Nabilone
    

75. •      Skrabek RQ, Galimova L, Ethans K, Perry D. Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. J Pain 2008;9(2):164-73.
    

76.  
    

77. Uncontrolled Studies
    

78. Dronabinol
    

79. •     Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G, Schmelz M, Konrad C, Rukwied R. Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22(7):1269-1276.
    

80.  
    

81. Case Reports, Surveys
    

82. Cannabis (smoked)
    

83. •      Fiz J, Duran M, Langohr K, Capellà D, Farré M. Symptoms relief and improved mental health in fibromyalgia patients using cannabis. Results of an observational study. IACM 4th Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, 5-6 October 2007, Cologne, International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.
    

84. 
    

85. Pain – Chronic
    

86. Controlled Studies
    

87. Dronabinol
    

88. •     Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S, Phillips C, Simmons S, Sansom C. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies. Anaesthesia 2004;59(5):440-52.
    

89. •      Narang S, Gibson D, Wasan AD, Ross EL, Michna E, Nedeljkovic SS, Jamison RN. Efficacy of dronabinol as an adjuvant treatment for chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. J Pain 2008;9(3):254-64.
    

90. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

91. •     Holdcroft A, Smith M, Jacklin A, Hodgson H, Smith B, Newton M, Evans F. Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever. Anaesthesia 1997;52:483-488.
    

92. •     Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S, Phillips C, Simmons S, Sansom C. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies. Anaesthesia 2004;59(5):440-52.
    

93. Cannabis (smoked)
    

94. •    Ware MA, Ducruet T, Robinson AR. Evaluation of herbal cannabis characteristics by medical users: a randomized trial. Harm Reduct J 2006;3(1):32
    

95. Nabilone
    

96. •     Pinsger M, Schimetta W, Volc D, Hiermann E, Riederer F, Polz W. [Benefits of an add-on treatment with the synthetic cannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain - a randomized controlled trial.] [Article in German] Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006;118(11-12):327-35.
    

97.  
    

98. Uncontrolled Studies
    

99. Nabilone
    

100. •     Hamann W, di Vadi PP. Analgesic effect of the cannabinoid analogue nabilone is not mediated by opioid receptors. Lancet 1999;353(9152):560.
     

101.  
     

102. Case Reports, Surveys
     

103. Dronabinol
     

104. •     Elsner F, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R. [Tetrahydrocannabinol for treatment of chronic pain] [Article in German]. Pain 2001;15(3):200-4.
     

105. Cannabis (smoked)
     

106. •     Noyes R, Baram DA. Cannabis analgesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1974:15:531-535.
     

107. •     Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain 2003;102(1-2):211-216.
     

108. •     Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis reduces opioid dose in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25(6):496-8.
     

109. •     Howard J, Anie KA, Holdcroft A, Korn S, Davies SC. Cannabis use in sickle cell disease: a questionnaire study. Br J Haematol 2005;131(1):123-8.
     

110. •     Russo EB, Mathre ML, Byrne A, Velin R, Bach PJ, Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Chronic cannabis use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program: An examination of benefits and adverse effects of legal clinical cannabis. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(1):3-57.
     

111.  
     

112. Pain – Acute, Surgery
     

113. Controlled Studies
     

114. Dronabinol
     

115. •      Raft D, Gregg J, Ghia J, Harris L. Effects of intravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain: psychological correlates of the analgesic response. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1977;21:26-33.
     

116. •      Buggy DJ, Toogood L, Maric S, Sharpe P, Lambert DG, Rowbotham DJ. Lack of analgesic efficacy of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain. Pain 2003;106(1-2):169-72.
     

117. •      Seeling W, Kneer L, Buchele B, Gschwend JE, Maier L, Nett C, Simmet T, Steffen P, Schneider M, Rockemann M. [(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and the opioid receptor agonist piritramide do not act synergistically in postoperative pain.] [Article in German]. Anaesthesist 2006;55(4):391-400.
     

118. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
     

119. •     Holdcroft A, Maze M, Dore C, Tebbs S, Thompson S. A multicenter dose-escalation study of the analgesic and adverse effects of an oral cannabis extract (Cannador) for postoperative pain management. Anesthesiology 2006;104(5):1040-1046.
     

120. Nabilone
     

121. •      Beaulieu P. Effects of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, on postoperative pain. Can J Anaesth 2006;53(8):769-75.
     

122. Levonantradol
     

123. •     Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon FG, Smith G. Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1981;21(suppl 8-9):S320-S326.
     

124. •     Kantor TG, Hopper M. A study of levonantradol, a cannabinol derivative, for analgesia in post operative pain. Pain 1981; (suppl): S37.
     

125.  
     

126. Pain – Acute, Healthy Subjects
     

127. Controlled Studies
     

128. Dronabinol
     

129. •      Naef M, Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zbinden A, Brenneisen R. The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions. Pain 2003;105(1-2):79-88.
     

130. •      Roberts JD, Gennings C, Shih M. Synergistic affective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;530(1-2):54-8.
     

131. Nabilone
     

132. •     Redmond WJ, Goffaux P, Potvin S, Marchand S.  Analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of nabilone on experimental heat pain.  Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(4):1017-24.
     

133. Cannabis (smoked)
     

134. •     Greenwald MK, Stitzer ML Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smoked marijuana in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;59(3):261-75.
     

135. •     Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T, Lazzaretto D, Bentley H, Gouaux B, Abramson I. Dose-dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 2007;107(5):785-796.
     

136.  
     

137. Uncontrolled Studies
     

138. Cannabis (smoked)
     

139. •      Hill SY, Schwin R, Goodwin DW, Powell B. Marihuana and pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1974;188:415-8.
     

140. •     Clark WC, Janal MN, Zeidenberg P, Nahas GG. Effects of moderate and high doses of marihuana on thermal pain: a sensory decision theory analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21(8-9 Suppl):299S-310S.
     

You will find scientific information on most of the studies at Database on Clinical Studies and Case Reports.

1. 
   

2. •Improvement of symptoms or positive evaluation by authors
   

3. •No relevant change of symptoms or negative evaluation by authors
   

4. •Deterioration of symptoms

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