1. Spasticity – Multiple Sclerosis
   

2. Studies & Case Studies
   

3. Controlled Studies
   

4. Dronabinol
   

5. •      Killestein J, Hoogervorst EL, Reif M, Kalkers NF, Van Loenen AC, Staats PG, Gorter RW, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology 2002;58(9):1404-7.
   

6. •     Petro DJ, Ellenberger C. Treatment of human spasticity with D9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1981;(Suppl 21):413S-416S.
   

7. •      Ungerleider JT, Andyrsiak T, Fairbanks L, Ellison GW, Myers LW. D9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 1987;7:39-50.
   

8. •     Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, Vickery J, Nunn A, Thompson A, on behalf of the UK MS Research Group. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362(9385): 1517-1526.
   

9. •      Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, Vickery PJ, Ingram WM, Reilly SM, Nunn AJ, Teare LJ,  Fox PJ, Thompson AJ. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy datafor 12 months follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1664-9.
   

10. Nabilone
    

11. •     Martyn CN, Illis LS, Thom J. Nabilone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1995;345:579.
    

12. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

13. •      Vaney C, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Jobin P, Tschopp F, Gattlen B, Hagen U, Schnelle M, Reif M. Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard antiemetic therapy.Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Multiple Sclerosis 2004;10(4):417-24.
    

14. •     Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, House H, Bateman C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Multiple Sclerosis 2004;10(4):434-41.
    

15. •     Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, Vickery J, Nunn A, Thompson A, on behalf of the UK MS Research Group. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362(9385): 1517-1526.
    

16. •     Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, Vickery PJ, Ingram WM, Reilly SM, Nunn AJ, Teare LJ, Fox PJ, Thompson AJ. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1664-9.
    

17. •     Wade DT, Makela PM, House H, Bateman C, Robson P. Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12(5):639-45.
    

18. •     Collin C, Ambler Z, Kent R, McCalla R. A randomised controlled study of Sativex® in patients with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. 22nd Congress of the ECTRIMS, 27-30 September 2006, Madrid, Spain.
    

19. •     Collin C, Davies P, Mutiboko IK, Ratcliffe S, for the Sativex Spasticity in MS Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurology 2007;14(3):290–296.
    

20. Cannabis (smoked)
    

21. •    Meinck HM, Schönle PWA, Conrad B. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology 1989;236:120-122.
    

22. •     Greenberg HS, Werness SAS, Pugh JE, Andrus RO, Anderson DJ, Domino EF. Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1994;55:324-328.
    

23.  
    

24. Case Reports, Surveys
    

25. Dronabinol
    

26. •     Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Connor JM, Burket JA, Murphy ME, Fox FJ. Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosis with an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocal tics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol. CNS Spectr 2008;13(5):393-403.
    

27. Cannabis (smoked)
    

28. •      Consroe P, Musty R, Rein J, Tillery W, Pertwee R. The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. European Neurology 1997;38:44-48.
    

29. •      Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM, Levy JC. Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2003;30(3):201-5.
    

30. •      Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, Winstock A, Silber E. Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006;12(5):646-51.
    

31. •      Hodges C. Personal account of medical use of cannabis. J Cannabis Ther 2002;2(3-4):155-60.
    

32.  
    

33. Spasticity – Spinal Cord Injury
    

34. Controlled Studies
    

35. Dronabinol
    

36. •      Hanigan WC, Destree R, Truong XT. The effect of D9-THC on human spasticity. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1986;39:198.
    

37. •      Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1990;240:1-4.
    

38. •      Hagenbach U, Luz S, Ghafoor N, Berger JM, Grotenhermen F, Brenneisen R, Mäder M. The treatment of spasticity with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007;45(8):551-62.
    

39.  
    

40. Uncontrolled Studies
    

41. Dronabinol
    

42. •      Kogel RW, Johnson PB, Chintam R, Robinson CJ, Nemchausky BA. Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with dronabinol, a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative. American Journal of Therapeutics 1995;2(10):799-805.
    

43.  
    

44. Case Reports, Surveys
    

45. Cannabis (smoked)
    

46. •     Malec J, Harvey RF, Cayner JJ. Cannabis effect on spasticity in spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1982;63:116-118.
    

47. •     Consroe P, Tillery W, Rein J, Musty RE. Reported Marijuana effects in patients with spinal cord injury. 1998 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington: International Cannabinoid Research Society, 1998, p. 64.
    

48. •      Dunn M, Davis R. The perceived effects of marijuana on spinal cord injured males. Paraplegia 1974;12:175.
    

49.  
    

50. Spasticity – Different Causes
    

51. Controlled Studies
    

52. Cannabis (oral, sublingual)
    

53. •     Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilition 2003;17:18-26.
    

54.  
    

55. Uncontrolled Studies
    

56. Dronabinol
    

57. •      Brenneisen R, Egli A, Elsohly MA, Henn V, Spiess Y. The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1996;34:446-452.
    

58.  
    

59. Case Reports, Surveys
    

60. Dronabinol
    

61. •     Lorenz R. A casuistic rationale for the treatment of spastic and myocloni in a childhood neurodegenerative disease: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis of the type Jansky-Bielschowsky. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2002;23(5-6):387-90.
    

62. Cannabis (smoked)
    

63. •      Petro DJ. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity. Psychosomatics 1980;21:81-85.
    

64. •     Randall RC, ed. Muscle Spasm, Pain & Marijuana Therapy. Washington, DC: Galen Press, 1991.
    

You will find scientific information on most of the studies at Database on Clinical Studies and Case Reports.

1. 
   

2. •Improvement of symptoms or positive evaluation by authors
   

3. •No relevant change of symptoms or negative evaluation by authors
   

4. •Deterioration of symptoms

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